Pōhaku (Rock) forms the physical foundation of the Hawaiian Islands, created by volcanic activity over millions of years. It exists in many forms and provides structure for ecosystems, serving as habitat and influencing soil development. Culturally, pōhaku is considered a source of mana and memory and is used in building heiau, homes, and tools. Its enduring presence connects past and present, grounding life in physical and spiritual ways (Bishop Museum, UH Press, Hawaiian Culture Sourcebook).